Advanced Placement US History (AP US History) Practice Exam

In the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review, which allows the Court to declare laws unconstitutional. This ruling marked a significant moment in U.S. judicial history because it empowered the judiciary by ensuring that no law passed by Congress could violate the Constitution. The case centered on William Marbury's petition to compel Secretary of State James Madison to deliver his commission as a justice of the peace. In the decision, Chief Justice John Marshall concluded that while Marbury had the right to his commission, the specific provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that granted the Supreme Court the authority to issue writs of mandamus exceeded the powers outlined in the Constitution. Therefore, that section of the Act was declared unconstitutional. This case solidified the judiciary's role as a co-equal branch of government, capable of checking the powers of the executive and legislative branches.