What was the outcome of the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison?

The outcome of the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803 is significant because it established the principle of judicial review. This doctrine enables the Supreme Court to review and potentially invalidate laws and actions of Congress and the executive branch if they are found to be unconstitutional. The case arose from a political conflict between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans and centered around William Marbury's petition for a writ of mandamus to compel Secretary of State James Madison to deliver commission papers that would allow him to take office.

Chief Justice John Marshall's ruling articulated that while Marbury had a right to his commission, the specific provision of the Judiciary Act that granted the Supreme Court the authority to issue writs of mandamus in these circumstances was itself unconstitutional. This landmark decision not only resolved the immediate conflict involving Marbury but also firmly positioned the judiciary as an equal branch of government capable of checking the other branches, a foundational aspect of American constitutional law.

Other choices refer to subjects not connected to the case's ruling: state rights, congressional powers, and freedom of speech do not pertain to the judicial review established in this pivotal decision.