Which Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review?

The principle of judicial review was established in the Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison. This landmark decision, issued in 1803, asserted the power of the judiciary to review and invalidate legislative acts and executive actions that are found to be in conflict with the Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall articulated the importance of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land, and thereby confirmed the courts’ authority to ensure that no law or action could stand if it violated constitutional principles.

This case was pivotal because it set the precedent for the role of the Supreme Court as a check on the legislative and executive branches, ensuring a balance of power within the federal government. It fundamentally shaped the judiciary's role and laid the groundwork for the expansion of federal judicial power in interpreting the Constitution, thereby influencing American law and politics for centuries to come.

Other cases mentioned, such as Brown v. Board of Education and Roe v. Wade, addressed critical issues of civil rights and reproductive rights respectively, but they did not establish the foundational legal principle of judicial review. Loomis v. Alabama is not a recognized landmark case in the context of Supreme Court decisions on judicial review.